Phospholipid-derived Signaling Molecules in Drosophila Development

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2016-05Author
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Abstract
Fatty acids are precursors of potent lipid signaling molecules. They are stored in
membrane phospholipids and released by phospholipase A2s (PLA2s). Lysophospholipid
acyltransferases (ATs) oppose PLA2s by re-esterifying fatty acids into phospholipids, in a
biochemical pathway known as the Lands Cycle (shown in figure 1). Drosophila Lands Cycle
ATs Oys and Nes, as well as seven predicted PLA2 genes, are expressed in the male reproductive
tract (see figure 2). As shown in Ben-David et al. 2015, Oys and Nes are required for spermatid
individualization1
. Individualization, which occurs after terminal differentiation, invests each
spermatid in its own plasma membrane and removes the bulk of the cytoplasmic contents. In
previous experiments, the Steinhauer lab developed a quantitative assay to measure
individualization defects and demonstrated that this process is highly abnormal in oys nes double
mutants1
. This process also is disrupted by mutations in the cyclooxygenase Pxt, which converts
fatty acids into prostaglandin signaling molecules, but not by other phospholipid metabolism
pathway mutants2
(figure 1). Together, these results suggest that fatty acid signaling controls
spermatid individualization. Following these results, we set out to explore if reducing PLA2
activity (specifically iPLA2) would have similar effects on spermatogenesis and/or other aspects
of development.
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